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Censorship in Turkey is regulated by domestic and international legislation, the latter taking precedence over domestic law, according to Article 90 ("Ratification of International Treaties") of the Constitution (so amended in 2004).〔〕 Despite the protections presented in article 90, Turkey ranked 138 in the Reporters Without Borders' ''2010 Annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index''.〔http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2010,1034.html Retrieved 2010-10-21.〕 In 2011-2012 Turkey ranked 148 out of 169 countries in the Reporters Without Borders list. In 2012 the Committee to Protect Journalist (CPJ) ranked Turkey as the worst journalist jailer in the world (ahead of Iran and China), with 49 journalists sitting in jail.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://chronicle.fanack.com/turkey/society-media-culture/media/turkey-increases-pressure-on-the-media/ )〕 Twitter's 2014 Transparency Report showed that Turkey filed over five times more content removal requests to Twitter than any other country in the second half of 2014.〔http://tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/twitters-transparency-report-turkey-tops-countries-demanding-content-removal-253792.html〕 In the third quarter of 2015, Bianet recorded a strengthening of attacks on the opposition media during AKP interim government, with the censorship of 101 websites, 40 Twitter accounts, 178 news; attacks against 21 journalists, three media organs, and one printing house; civil pursuits against 28 journalists; and the six-fold increase of arrests of media representatives, with 24 journalists and 9 distributors imprisoned. Within the framework of negotiations with the European Union, the EU has requested that Turkey issue various legal reforms in order to improve freedom of expression and press. == History == Regional censorship predates the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. On 15 February 1857, the Ottoman Empire issued law governing printing houses ("''Basmahane Nizamnamesi''"); books first had to be shown to the governor, who forwarded them to commission for education ("''Maarif Meclisi''") and the police. If no objection was made, the Sultanate would then inspect them. Without censure from the Sultan books could not be legally issued.〔Şahhüseyinoğlu, H. Nedim. "Censorship of Thought and the Press from Yesterday to Today" (Turkish). Ankara: Paragraf, 2005. ISBN 9799756134084, quoted in (an online summary )〕 On 24 July 1908, at the beginning of the Second Constitutional Era, censorship was lifted; however, newspapers publishing stories that were deemed a danger to interior or exterior State security were closed.〔 Between 1909 and 1913 four journalists were killed—Hasan Fehmi, Ahmet Samim, Zeki Bey, and Hasan Tahsin (Silahçı).〔(Radikal of 24 July 2001 ); article in Turkish by Ahmet Çakır〕 Following the Turkish War of Independence, the Sheikh Said rebellion was used as pretext for implementing martial law ("''Takrir-i Sükun Yasası''") on March 4, 1925; newspapers, including ''Tevhid-i Efkar'', ''Sebül Reşat'', ''Aydınlık'', ''Resimli Ay'', and ''Vatan'', were closed and several journalists arrested and tried at the Independence Courts.〔 During World War II (1939–1945) many newspapers were ordered shut, including the dailies ''Cumhuriyet'' (5 times, for 5 months and 9 days), ''Tan'' (7 times, for 2 months and 13 days), and ''Vatan'' (9 times, for 7 months and 24 day).〔 When the Democratic Party under Adnan Menderes came to power in 1950, censorship entered a new phase. The Press Law changed, sentences and fines were increased. Several newspapers were ordered shut, including the dailies ''Ulus'' (unlimited ban), ''Hürriyet'', ''Tercüman'', and ''Hergün'' (two weeks each). In April 1960, a so-called investigation commission ("''Tahkikat Komisyonu''") was established by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. It was given the power to confiscate publications, close papers and printing houses. Anyone not following the decisions of the commission were subject to imprisonment, between one and three years.〔 Freedom of speech was heavily restricted after the 1980 military coup headed by General Kenan Evren. During the 1980s and 1990s, broaching the topics of secularism, minority rights (in particular the Kurdish issue), and the role of the military in politics risked reprisal.〔(Questions and Answers: Freedom of Expression and Language Rights in Turkey ), ''Human Rights Watch'', April 2002〕〔 Article 8 of the Anti-Terror Law (Law 3713), slightly amended in 1995 and later repealed,〔(Resolution 1381 (2004) ), Implementation of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights by Turkey, European Parliament〕 imposed three-year prison sentences for "separatist propaganda." Despite its name, the Anti-Terror Law punished many non-violent offences.〔 Pacifists have been imprisoned under Article 8. For example, publisher Fatih Tas was prosecuted in 2002 under Article 8 at Istanbul State Security Court for translating and publishing writings by Noam Chomsky, summarizing the history of human rights violations in southeast Turkey; he was acquitted, however, in February 2002.〔 Prominent female publisher Ayse Nur Zarakolu, who was described by the ''New York Times'' as "()ne of the most relentless challengers to Turkey's press laws", was imprisoned under Article 8 four times. Since 2011, the AKP government has increased restrictions on freedom of speech, freedom of the press and internet use, and television content,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=In Erdogan's Turkey, Censorship Finds Fertile Ground )〕 as well as the right to free assembly. It has also developed links with media groups, and used administrative and legal measures (including, in one case, a $2.5 billion tax fine) against critical media groups and critical journalists: "over the last decade the AKP has built an informal, powerful, coalition of party-affiliated businessmen and media outlets whose livelihoods depend on the political order that Erdogan is constructing. Those who resist do so at their own risk."〔Foreign Policy, 2 June 2013, (How Democratic Is Turkey? )〕 Turkey’s Journalists Union estimated that at least "72 journalists had been fired or forced to take leave or had resigned in the past six weeks since the start of the unrest" in late May 2013 due to pressure from the AKP government. Kemal Kilicdaroglu, head of the ''Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi'' (''CHP'') party, said 64 journalists have been imprisoned and “We are now facing a new period where the media is controlled by the government and the police and where most media bosses take orders from political authorities.” The government says most of the imprisoned journalists have been detained for serious crimes, like membership in an armed terrorist group, that are not related to journalism.〔("Turkey: 72 Journalists Forced Out for Covering Protests, Union Says" ), ''New York Times'' (Reuters), 23 July 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.〕〔("A Turkish press gag: How Erdogan is suffocating journalists" ), Oray Egin, Vocativ, 19 August 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.〕 Bianet's periodical reports on freedom of the press in Turkey recorded a strengthening of attacks on the opposition media during the AKP interim government in the third quarter of 2015. Bianet recorded the censorship of 101 websites, 40 Twitter accounts, 178 news; attacks against 21 journalists, three media organs, and one printing house; civil pursuits against 28 journalists; and the six-fold increase of arrests of media representatives, with 24 journalists and 9 distributors imprisoned.〔Bianet, (Increasing Pressure on Press: Democracy in Question ), MEDIA MONITORING REPORT 2015 3RD QUARTER.〕 The increased criminalisation of the media follows the freezing of the Kurdish peace process and the failure of AKP to obtain an outright majority at the June 2015 election and to achieve the presidentialisation of the polytical system. Several journalists and editors are tried for being allegedly members of unlawful organisations, linked to either Kurds or the Gülen movement, others for alleged insults to religion and to the President. Cumhuriyet daily and Doğan Holding are investigated for "terror", "espionage" and "insult". 61 people, of whom 37 journalists, are convict, defendant or suspect for having insulted or personally attacked the then-PM, now-President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The ECtHR condemned Turkey for violation of the freedom of expression in the Abdurrahman Dilipak case (Sledgehammer investigation),〔(Bianet ) on the Dilipak case〕〔(ECtHR Press Release ), 15 September 2015, p.5-6〕 and the Turkish Constitutional Court upheld the violation of the freedom of expression of five persons, including a journalist. RTÜK could not yet choose its President; it still warned companies five times and fined them six times. The Supreme Electoral Council ordered 65 channels twice to stop broadcasting the results of the June 2015 election before the end of the publishing ban. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Censorship in Turkey」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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